International Journal of Economics Management and Social Science
The International Journal of Economics, Management and Social Science (IJEMSS), published by the Salewangang Institute, is a journal that publishes research findings from both Indonesian and international scholars in the fields of economics and social sciences.
Evaluation of the Performance of Zakat and Infaq-Based Development Funds in Supporting the Community Economic Empowerment Program
Community economic empowerment through the management of zakat and infaq funds has become a key strategy in efforts to improve welfare and reduce poverty in various regions. This study aims to evaluate the performance of zakat and infaq-based development funds in supporting community economic empowerment programs. A descriptive qualitative approach was used to deeply understand the processes, factors, and challenges faced in managing these funds. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation studies from various stakeholders, including fund managers, beneficiaries, and relevant sources. The results indicate that the effectiveness of funds in increasing community economic empowerment is influenced by aspects of transparency, accountability, and community participation. This study recommends improving the fund management system, strengthening the capacity of managers, and developing programs oriented towards sustainability and long-term empowerment. These findings are expected to contribute to the development of more effective zakat and infaq fund management policies and practices for community economic empowerment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Agus Koni, Irpan Helmi, Wina Paul, Saepul Bahri, Ayi Nurbaeti (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Success of Sharia Microfinance in Encouraging MSMEs
This study aims to describe the success of Sharia Microfinance in encouraging the development of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). The research method used is qualitative with a descriptive approach, through in-depth interviews and observations of MSMEs and Sharia Microfinance managers in certain areas. The results show that Sharia Microfinance is able to provide access to financing in accordance with Sharia principles, increase MSME business capacity, and strengthen the social and economic aspects of business actors. This success is influenced by aspects of trust, transparency, and social support from Sharia financial institutions. These findings confirm that Sharia Microfinance has great potential in supporting the sustainable growth of MSMEs, particularly through the application of Sharia principles that balance economic and social aspects. This study recommends that the development of Sharia Microfinance be continued through product innovation and increasing the capacity of managers to encourage more inclusive and sustainable MSME growth.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yana Mas’ud Tasdiq, Mohammad Sigit Adi Nugraha, Rika Ristiawati, R Roro Ismawati Setijawati H, Hanik Fitriani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Islamic Governance in Strengthening the Impact of Islamic Social Finance on Poverty Reduction: Evidence from ASEAN-4 Countries
This study examines social budget allocation as a policy instrument for poverty alleviation in four ASEAN countries: Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Thailand. From the perspective of Islamic Social Finance, social spending represents a redistributive mechanism aimed at improving social welfare and reducing poverty. This research also investigates the extent to which Islamic Governance, reflected in institutional quality through corruption control, transparency, and accountability, strengthens the effectiveness of social spending in reducing poverty. The study aims to analyze the empirical relationship between social budget allocation and poverty reduction while examining the moderating role of institutional governance. This study uses panel data from 2004–2023, selected purposively based on the characteristics of social development and governance in ASEAN-4 countries. Secondary data were obtained from the World Bank and analyzed using panel data regression. Based on the Lagrange Multiplier test, the Random Effect Model was selected as the most appropriate estimation model. The moderating role of institutional governance was examined using Moderated Regression Analysis. The results indicate that social spending significantly reduces poverty in ASEAN-4. However, its effectiveness depends on institutional governance quality. Low transparency and accountability weaken the positive impact of social spending. Strengthening governance is therefore essential to ensure effective poverty alleviation strategies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dedi Mardianto, Nasrullah, Alias T (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Agenda-Setting in the Age of Social Media: New Implications for Public Relations Practitioners in Indonesia
The rapid proliferation of social media platforms has fundamentally altered the landscape of mass communication, challenging the foundational assumptions of classical agenda-setting theory. This study examines the evolving dynamics of agenda-setting in the social media era and explores the new implications for public relations (PR) practitioners in Indonesia. Using a qualitative systematic literature review approach grounded in content and thematic analysis of 30 peer-reviewed publications from 2018 to 2025, this research identifies three core transformative dimensions: (1) the fragmentation of agenda-setting power across multiple digital actors; (2) the emergence of reverse agenda-setting, wherein public discourse increasingly influences mainstream media and organizational PR strategies; and (3) the heightened role of algorithmic curation in shaping public salience. Findings suggest that PR practitioners in Indonesia must reorient their strategic communication frameworks to account for networked, user-driven agenda formation, platform-specific content strategies, and real-time audience engagement. The study contributes to the localization of communication theory by situating global media dynamics within Indonesia's unique socio-digital context, characterized by high mobile internet penetration, diverse ethnic publics, and a rapidly evolving digital regulatory environment. Implications for PR education, training, and professional practice are discussed. Keywords: agenda-setting theory, social media, public relations, Indonesia, digital communication, strategic communication
Copyright (c) 2026 Angga Tinova Yudha, An Nisa Dian Rahma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Breaking Barriers: Investigating Recruitment, Workplace Culture, and Career Progression Factors Affecting Underrepresented Groups in Maritime Deck Officer and Port Operations Roles
A well-........... Maritime deck officer and port operations roles remain male-dominated professions with persistent underrepresentation of women and other marginalized groups, despite global human capital shortages and evidence that diversity enhances organizational performance. This mixed-methods study examined barriers to recruitment and retention of women and underrepresented groups in maritime technical roles through interviews with 86 participants (women in maritime roles, male colleagues, employers, educators, industry recruiters) and surveys with 523 maritime employees across deck operations, port management, and maritime education contexts. Qualitative findings identified multi-level barriers: institutional (limited dedicated recruitment targeting women, insufficient awareness of maritime career opportunities among female secondary students), workplace culture (masculinized language and norms, sexual harassment incidents, limited mentorship), family structure (difficulty combining maritime careers with family responsibilities), and career progression (glass ceiling effects limiting advancement, gender-based pay inequities). Quantitative analysis (Cronbach's α=0.81 for workplace culture scale) revealed that women reported significantly lower workplace climate perceptions (mean 2.8/5.0 versus male mean 4.1/5.0, t(521)=-12.3, p<0.001), lower career satisfaction (3.2/5.0 versus 4.3/5.0, p<0.001), and higher career attrition intentions (48% of women versus 12% of men planning to leave profession within five years, χ²=64.2, p<0.001). An intervention pilot combining targeted recruitment of female cadets, workplace cultural change initiatives, mentorship programs for women, and family-supportive policies (flexible scheduling for family responsibilities, childcare support) showed measurable impact: 23% increase in female cadet recruitment, 34% improvement in women's workplace climate perceptions post-intervention, and 31% reduction in women's attrition intentions. Findings establish that maritime organizations can substantially improve diversity and inclusion through systematic attention to recruitment pathways, workplace culture, mentorship access, and family-supportive policies. Recommendations address maritime employers, maritime educators, industry associations, and government regulators regarding how to operationalize inclusive maritime workplaces that fully utilize available human talent. Keywords : Maritime diversity; Gender equity; Recruitment strategies; Workplace culture; Career retention; Inclusive organizations; Deck operations; Port management
Copyright (c) 2026 Giovani B. Puteri , Fina Rahmatika (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tacit Knowledge Transfer in Maritime Bridge Operations: An Investigation of Mentorship Processes, Communication Barriers, and Digital Enhancement Tools for Experienced Seafarer-Junior Officer Collaboration
Modern container and tanker operations depend heavily on tacit knowledge—experiential understanding that experienced seafarers possess but struggle to articulate systematically—yet maritime education primarily emphasizes formal procedural knowledge. This qualitative ethnographic study examined mentorship processes aboard 16 commercial vessels (8 container ships, 8 tankers) over 18 months, combining 156 hours of bridge observation, 72 semi-structured interviews with experienced captains, chief officers, and junior officers, and analysis of 47 critical incident reports. Findings reveal that despite high-quality maritime academy training, junior officers consistently require 18-24 months post-certification to achieve practical competency in real-world bridge operations, with knowledge gaps concentrated in: judgment development for weather decision-making, interpretation of crew behavior and condition monitoring, understanding vessel-specific behavioral characteristics, and communication across hierarchical and language-diverse bridge teams. Traditional mentorship occurs informally through observation and correction, often hindered by language barriers (particularly on multinational crews), hierarchical communication constraints limiting junior officers' questions, and time pressures limiting deliberate teaching. A pilot intervention integrating video documentation of exemplary decisions, structured reflection prompts, and peer discussion platforms demonstrated feasibility (adoption rate 68%, user satisfaction 4.1/5.0) and produced measurable improvements in junior officer decision-making speed and confidence. Findings establish that intentional knowledge transfer structures—combining formal mentorship training for senior officers, digital tools supporting asynchronous documentation and peer learning, and organizational cultures permitting psychological safety for questions—can substantially reduce the tacit knowledge acquisition period while enhancing crew safety and operational efficiency. Keywords : Tacit knowledge; Mentorship; Maritime operations; Knowledge transfer; Deck bridge operations; Seafarer training; Multinational crews
Copyright (c) 2026 Suhartini, Niken Sitalaksmi Widjaja , Sakilah Bewafa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Building Psychological Resilience in Maritime Cadets: A Mixed-Methods Investigation of Stressors, Protective Factors, and Support Interventions in Indonesian Maritime Education
Maritime cadet training involves significant psychological demands that contribute to burnout, attrition, and mental health challenges, yet maritime education institutions rarely address resilience systematically. This mixed-methods study examined psychological stress factors, resilience-building mechanisms, and effectiveness of peer mentoring and digital wellness interventions among 287 maritime cadets from STIP Jakarta and affiliated maritime schools. Qualitative interviews with 42 cadets, educators, and mental health professionals identified primary stressors: academic performance anxiety, homesickness, separation from families due to practical sea training, insufficient sleep, and concern about employment prospects. Resilience factors included peer support networks, meaningful instructor relationships, clear career pathways, and institutional recognition of psychological wellbeing. Quantitative survey analysis (Cronbach's α = 0.82) revealed that cadets with structured peer mentoring reported 34% lower stress symptoms and 28% higher psychological well-being compared to peers without mentoring support. A pilot digital wellness platform with mobile notifications for mindfulness exercises, emotional check-ins, and peer connection features demonstrated feasibility and user acceptance (mean satisfaction rating 4.2/5.0). The integrated support model combining peer mentoring, instructor recognition of mental health dimensions, curricular resilience-building activities, and accessible digital wellness resources produced measurable improvements in cadet psychological wellbeing while maintaining academic rigor. Findings demonstrate that maritime institutions can integrate mental health support into professional training without compromising maritime safety standards or operational competency development. Keywords : Maritime cadets; Psychological resilience; Mental well-being; Peer mentoring; Stress management; Maritime education; Wellness interventions
Copyright (c) 2026 Niken Sitalaksmi Widjaja, Suhartini, Eriza I. Ulmi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
From Classroom to Carbon Reduction: A Study of Maritime Cadet Awareness, Engagement, and Career Interest in Decarbonization and Green Shipping Initiatives Aligned with IMO 2050 Targets
The maritime industry faces mandated decarbonization targets (International Maritime Organization 2050 carbon neutrality goals), yet maritime education curricula rarely address sustainability comprehensively, and cadets demonstrate limited awareness of green shipping opportunities. This mixed-methods study examined 412 maritime cadets from Indonesian maritime academies regarding their environmental awareness, understanding of decarbonization technologies and strategies, and career interest in green shipping positions. Qualitative interviews with 58 cadets, educators, and shipping company sustainability managers identified that while 73% of cadets express general environmental concern, only 19% could articulate specific IMO 2050 decarbonization strategies, and only 31% viewed sustainability careers as attractive professional pathways. Current maritime curricula address sustainability minimally; only 28% of respondents reported sustainability content in their programs, typically limited to regulatory compliance topics rather than strategic decarbonization. Quantitative survey analysis (Cronbach's α=0.78) revealed significant positive correlations between maritime educators' own environmental commitment and cadet engagement with sustainability topics (r=0.64, p<0.001), and between cadet exposure to green shipping case studies and career interest in sustainability positions (r=0.58, p<0.001). A curriculum intervention introducing sustainability modules into core courses, featuring case studies of shipping companies achieving carbon reduction, and highlighting career opportunities in green shipping produced measurable increases in cadet knowledge (28-point improvement in sustainability knowledge assessments), engagement (32% increase in students selecting sustainability electives), and career interest (41% increase in cadets identifying green shipping as potential career focus). Findings establish that maritime education can substantially enhance cadet engagement with decarbonization through deliberate curriculum emphasis, educator modeling of environmental commitment, and explicit connection between sustainability competencies and attractive career pathways. Keywords : Maritime sustainability; Green shipping; Decarbonization; IMO 2050; Cadet education; Career pathways; Environmental engagement
Copyright (c) 2026 Aditya Rinaldy, A . Nurfajri Irwan, Fina Rahmatika (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Communication Across Cultures at Sea: A Study of Multimodal Communication Competence Development in Multilingual, Multinational Maritime Bridge Environments
Modern container and tanker vessels operate with multinational crews speaking diverse first languages, yet maritime communication remains heavily dependent on standardized English procedures and International Maritime Organization protocols. This ethnographic study examined communication practices aboard 22 commercial vessels over 20 months, combining 224 hours of bridge observation, analysis of 163 audio-recorded bridge operations, 64 semi-structured interviews, and review of 52 communication-related incident reports. Findings reveal tension between standardized English-only maritime communication protocols and practical multilingual realities aboard vessels where officers from Philippines, Eastern Europe, India, Myanmar, and other nations communicate with varying English proficiency. Quantitative analysis of bridge communications revealed that 38% of operational communications contained code-switching (mixing English with officers' first languages), 31% included non-verbal communication elements critical for comprehension, and 44% of junior officers from non-English-speaking backgrounds requested clarification at least weekly. Qualitative analysis identified communication barriers: limited vocabulary among non-native English speakers for novel situations, cultural communication style differences (direct versus indirect, formal versus relational), psychological safety limitations preventing questions, and insufficient training in multimodal communication (combining verbal language, visual cues, technological interfaces, and body language). A curriculum pilot integrating multimodal communication pedagogy into Maritime English courses—emphasizing cultural communication style awareness, video-based analysis of effective cross-cultural maritime communication, scenario-based practice with multilingual crews, and explicit attention to psychological safety for questions—demonstrated measurable improvements: 28% increase in students' code-switching effectiveness, 34% improvement in students' cross-cultural comprehension, and increased reported confidence communicating with linguistically diverse crews (mean 3.1/5.0 pre-intervention to 4.2/5.0 post-intervention). Findings establish that maritime education can prepare officers for realistic multilingual communication contexts through pedagogy explicitly addressing cultural diversity and multimodal communication strategies rather than through idealized assumption of standardized English monolingualism. Keywords : Maritime communication; Multilingual communication; Intercultural communication; Bridge operations; Maritime English; Communication pedagogy; Cultural competence
Copyright (c) 2026 Rosna Yuherlina Siahaan, Derma Watty Siahaan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital Leadership Competencies for Deck Officers: A Curriculum Development Framework for Indonesian Maritime Academies in Industry 4.0 Contexts
The global maritime industry undergoes rapid technological transformation, yet maritime education curricula remain disconnected from industry 4.0 requirements. This qualitative study examines digital leadership competencies required by contemporary shipping operations and investigates how Indonesian maritime academies can systematically integrate these competencies into deck officer training programs. Through thematic analysis of interviews with 35 maritime experts (shipping company commanders, port authority managers, and maritime educators), this research identifies critical digital leadership competencies spanning technical literacy, meta-competencies for technological adaptation, and transformational competencies for organizational change leadership. Results reveal significant gaps between current maritime education offerings and industry expectations, particularly regarding decision-making under algorithmic uncertainty, cybersecurity awareness, and data-driven command authority. A proposed pedagogical framework integrates digital leadership competencies into existing curricula while maintaining maritime safety standards and classical seamanship foundations. Findings demonstrate that effective digital leadership development requires interdisciplinary curriculum redesign, faculty professional development initiatives, and industry-academic partnership models. This research provides evidence-based recommendations for maritime educators, institutional leadership, and industry stakeholders regarding optimal strategies for competency assessment, curriculum design, and continuous professional development pathways for maritime officers transitioning into digitally-intensive shipping environments. Keywords : Maritime leadership; Digital transformation; Curriculum development; Competency framework; Maritime education; Industry 4.0; Deck officer training
Copyright (c) 2026 Renta Novaliana Siahaan, Marihot Simanjuntak (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
How Does Freeman's Stakeholder Theory Explain the Influence ofSustainable Finance Policy on Firm Value in the Era of ESG Investing?
This article examines how Freeman's Stakeholder Theory provides an explanatory framework for understanding the relationship between sustainable finance policy and firm value in the contemporary era of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) investing. As capital markets increasingly integrate sustainability criteria into investment and lending decisions, corporations face mounting stakeholder pressure to adopt sustainable finance policies — encompassing ESG disclosure frameworks, green bond issuance, sustainability-linked financing, and carbon risk management. Drawing on a systematic literature review of scholarly and practitioner sources published between 2018 and 2025, this study argues that Stakeholder Theory offers a superior explanatory lens compared to shareholder primacy models because it accounts for the multi-directional value creation dynamics that characterise modern ESG capital markets. The analysis demonstrates that sustainable finance policies create firm value through five interrelated stakeholder channels: (1) reduced cost of capital from investor ESG alignment; (2) improved credit terms from sustainability-responsive creditors; (3) enhanced human capital productivity through employee engagement with purpose-driven organisations; (4) brand premium and customer loyalty from socially conscious consumers; and (5) regulatory first-mover advantages from proactive governance engagement. The article also identifies the conditions under which sustainable finance policies may fail to create — or may even destroy — firm value, particularly in the presence of greenwashing, governance decoupling, and stakeholder salience mismanagement. The findings carry significant theoretical and practical implications for corporate financial strategy, capital market regulation, and sustainable development policy in emerging and developed economies alike. Keywords: Freeman's Stakeholder Theory, sustainable finance, ESG investing, firm value, green bonds, sustainability-linked loans, corporate governance, cost of capital
Copyright (c) 2026 Tyahya Whisnu Hendratni (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Intergenerational Poverty Reproduction and Lower-Class Habitus:An Analysis of Social, Cultural, and Economic Capital in Perpetuating Structural Inequality from a Bourdieusian Perspective
This article examines the phenomenon of intergenerational poverty reproduction through the analytical lens of Pierre Bourdieu's sociological theory, focusing on the roles of social, cultural, and economic capital in perpetuating structural inequality. Drawing on a systematic literature review of scholarly publications from 2018 to 2025, the study argues that poverty is not merely a condition of material deprivation but a deeply embedded social and symbolic reality reproduced through class-specific habitus, field dynamics, and the unequal distribution of capital forms. The analysis demonstrates that lower-class habitus — shaped through early socialization, restricted access to legitimate culture, and symbolic violence — functions as a self-perpetuating mechanism that limits upward social mobility even when structural opportunities nominally exist. The interplay between economic capital scarcity, restricted cultural capital transmission, and bonding-only social networks creates compounding disadvantages that are systematically misrecognized as natural or meritocratic outcomes. The article proposes a Bourdieusian framework for understanding poverty reproduction and offers implications for policy interventions aimed at disrupting capital deficit cycles. Findings underscore the necessity of moving beyond individualistic explanations of poverty toward structurally informed approaches that target field conditions and capital inequalities. Keywords: Bourdieu, habitus, capital, intergenerational poverty, structural inequality, social reproduction, field theory
Copyright (c) 2026 Gusti Pirandy, Ishbir Mujahid Adha, Hashfi Siregar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Implementation of McCombs and Shaw's Agenda-Setting Theory in Shaping Public Perception Through Digital Media Coverage
Since McCombs and Shaw's landmark 1972 study of the Chapel Hill election, agenda-setting theory has been one of mass communication research's most productive and enduring frameworks for understanding how media coverage shapes public perception of issue salience. In the digital era, algorithmic curation, platform-mediated fragmentation, and citizen journalism have fundamentally transformed the agenda-setting landscape, raising critical questions about whether, how, and for whom media still set agendas. This study implements agenda-setting theory in the context of digital news media in North Sumatra, Indonesia, employing a multi-method design that combines content analysis of 420 news items from four major digital news platforms (2 months), a panel survey measuring public issue salience (n = 384, two waves), and 24 semi-structured interviews with news consumers and digital editors. Findings demonstrate a significant but differentiated agenda-setting effect: the correlation between media agenda prominence and public issue salience is strong for hard news topics (r = 0.724, p < 0.001) but substantially weaker for social welfare issues (r = 0.412, p < 0.01), reflecting the influence of personal experience and interpersonal communication in issue perception formation. Second-level agenda setting—the transfer of issue attributes and frames—shows stronger effects than first-level salience transfer, suggesting that digital media's primary influence in the contemporary environment may be less about what issues people think about and more about how they think about them. The study contributes a digital-era refinement of agenda-setting theory and proposes a contextual agenda-setting model that accounts for algorithmic mediation, partisan selective exposure, and platform-specific effect mechanisms. Keywords: agenda-setting theory; McCombs and Shaw; digital media; public perception; issue salience; media framing; North Sumatra; Indonesia; media effects
Copyright (c) 2026 Farida Hanum, Sofiari Ananda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Social Stigma Against Tuberculosis Patients and Its Impact on Patient Mental Health: A Sociological and Public Health Analysis
Tuberculosis (TB), despite being a preventable and curable infectious disease, carries a heavy burden of social stigma in Indonesia that profoundly undermines patient mental health, treatment adherence, and public health outcomes. This study investigates the forms, sources, and mental health consequences of TB-related social stigma in North Sumatra Province, employing a mixed-methods design combining a quantitative survey (n = 274 TB patients) with qualitative phenomenological interviews (n = 30). The Social Stigma Scale for TB (SSS-TB), developed and validated for this study (α = 0.88), measured enacted, anticipated, and internalized (self) stigma. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) assessed mental health outcomes. Results demonstrate that 79.2% of patients experienced at least one form of enacted stigma, with self-stigma demonstrating the strongest association with depression (r = 0.741, p < 0.001). Structural equation modeling reveals that social support buffers the stigma-mental health pathway (β = −0.312, p < 0.001), while treatment completion mediates the long-term effects. Qualitative themes illuminate shame, social isolation, occupational discrimination, and the particular stigma burden of TB's association with poverty and suspected moral failing. The study calls for integrating TB stigma reduction into the national TB elimination program and recommends community-based psychosocial support as an essential complement to biomedical treatment. Keywords: tuberculosis; social stigma; mental health; depression; Indonesia; North Sumatra; public health; stigma reduction; self-stigma
Copyright (c) 2026 Izzah Dienillah Saragih, Sri Novita Lubis, Umi Salmah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Agricultural Supply Chain Digitalization on Food Commodity Marketing Efficiency in the Era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0
The rapid diffusion of digital technologies in agriculture—including precision farming platforms, blockchain-enabled traceability systems, e-commerce marketplaces, and IoT-based logistics—presents transformative opportunities for reforming the inefficient, multi-intermediary supply chains that have historically suppressed farmer incomes and inflated consumer prices across Indonesian food commodity markets. This study investigates the effect of agricultural supply chain digitalization on marketing efficiency for key food commodities in West Sulawesi Province, employing a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design. Quantitative data were collected from 312 farmers, 48 agricultural cooperatives, and 86 agribusiness intermediaries across five districts, analyzed using structural equation modeling and marketing efficiency ratio analysis. Qualitative data from 36 key informant interviews elaborated the mechanisms and barriers of digital adoption. Results demonstrate that supply chain digitalization significantly improves marketing efficiency (β = 0.541, p < 0.001), reduces marketing margins by an average of 18.7 percentage points, and increases farmer price-received-to-retail-price ratios from 0.38 to 0.57. IoT-based logistics coordination and digital marketplace platforms demonstrate the strongest individual effects on efficiency outcomes. Barriers including limited digital infrastructure, low digital literacy, and inadequate financial inclusion constrain adoption particularly among smallholder farmers in remote areas. The study contributes a context-specific model of agricultural supply chain digitalization for developing economy settings and recommends targeted policy interventions to accelerate equitable digital transformation in the Indonesian agricultural sector. Keywords: agricultural supply chain; digitalization; marketing efficiency; Industry 4.0; food commodities; Indonesia; West Sulawesi; blockchain; precision agriculture
Copyright (c) 2026 Sahrul Salam, Rizki Abdillah Tanjung, Nurlaela, Astina (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Spatial Segregation and Gentrification in Metropolitan Urban Space: Dynamics of Socio-Economic Inequality, Marginalization of Urban Poor Communities, and Territory Restructuring Based on Urban Ecology Theory
Metropolitan cities in the Global South are increasingly confronted with a paradox of urban development: while economic growth accelerates and skylines transform dramatically, vast segments of the urban population are pushed further to the margins — geographically, economically, and socially. This article examines the dynamics of spatial segregation and gentrification in Indonesian metropolitan cities, situating them within the theoretical framework of urban ecology and political economy. Drawing on qualitative and quantitative evidence from secondary data, policy documents, and existing empirical studies, this research analyzes how processes of urban restructuring systematically disadvantage the urban poor through displacement, loss of livelihood access, and erosion of social capital. The study argues that spatial segregation in Indonesian metropolitan contexts is not merely an outcome of market forces, but rather a product of deliberate policy decisions, land capital accumulation by elites, and the historical legacies of colonial spatial ordering. Using urban ecology theory — particularly the concepts of natural area formation, invasion-succession, and zone differentiation — alongside critical perspectives from urban political economy, this article demonstrates how gentrification operates as a mechanism for accumulation by dispossession. Findings indicate that communities in peri-urban and inner-city zones face compounding vulnerabilities when urban renewal programs are implemented without participatory safeguards. The article concludes by calling for a reorientation of urban planning toward spatial justice, emphasizing inclusive governance, community land trusts, and participatory spatial planning as countermeasures to market-driven urban restructuring. Keywords: spatial segregation, gentrification, urban ecology, urban poor, metropolitan, socio-economic inequality, dispossession
Copyright (c) 2026 Husni Thamrin, Muhammad Arif Nasution, Randa Putra Kasea Sinaga (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Managerial Decision-Making: Perspectives of Rationality, Intuition, and Herbert Simon's Bounded Rationality Model
Managerial decision-making stands at the intersection of rationality, intuition, and cognitive limitation—a tension that Herbert Simon's bounded rationality model illuminates with enduring relevance. This systematic review and empirical study examine how Indonesian organizational managers navigate complex decisions in conditions of uncertainty, time pressure, and informational constraints. Drawing on a systematic review of 87 peer-reviewed studies published between 2010 and 2024, complemented by a cross-sectional survey of 245 senior managers from public and private organizations in Java, Indonesia, this study assesses the prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of rational, intuitive, and bounded rationality decision-making approaches. Survey findings reveal that pure rational decision-making is rarely employed in practice (18.4%), while intuition-dominant approaches are used by 31.8% of managers and bounded rationality satisficing strategies by 49.8%. Managerial experience, organizational culture, decision complexity, and time pressure significantly predict decision style preferences. Structural equation modeling demonstrates that decision quality—measured by self-reported decision outcomes—is highest when intuition and analytical reasoning are integrated within a bounded rationality framework. The study extends Simon's model to the Indonesian sociocultural context, identifying the role of social harmony norms (kerukunan), hierarchical organizational cultures, and relational trust in shaping decision-making processes. Keywords: managerial decision-making; bounded rationality; Herbert Simon; intuition; organizational behavior; sociology of organizations; Indonesia
Copyright (c) 2026 Hariyanto Hariyanto, Oman Sukmana, Gonda Yumitro, Nurudin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Social Stigma Against Patients with Infectious Diseases and Its Impact on Patient Mental Health
Social stigma associated with infectious diseases represents a pervasive and damaging phenomenon that undermines the mental health and social wellbeing of affected patients. This study investigates the forms, mechanisms, and mental health consequences of disease-related stigma using a mixed-methods approach combining a structured survey (n = 285) with qualitative interviews among patients diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB), HIV/AIDS, and leprosy in three provincial hospitals in Eastern Indonesia. Quantitative analysis employing the Social Stigma Scale for Infectious Diseases (SSSID) and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) revealed significant associations between experienced stigma and elevated levels of depression (r = 0.684, p < 0.001), anxiety (r = 0.651, p < 0.001), and social withdrawal (r = 0.712, p < 0.001). Logistic regression identified enacted stigma, self-stigma, and healthcare provider stigma as independent predictors of clinically significant mental health impairment. Qualitative themes illuminate the social dynamics of isolation, shame, and identity disruption experienced by patients. The findings call for integrating stigma-reduction strategies into infectious disease management protocols and advocate for a sociology-informed public health approach that addresses the structural roots of disease stigma. Keywords: social stigma; infectious disease; mental health; tuberculosis; HIV/AIDS; public health sociology; stigma reduction
Copyright (c) 2026 Minarni Manoppo, Oman Sukmana, Gonda Yumitro, Nurudin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relationship Between Fiqih Learning and the Formation of Students' Social Behavior in the Perspective of the Sociology of Education
This study examines the relationship between Fiqih (Islamic jurisprudence) learning and the formation of students' social behavior from a sociology of education perspective. Using a mixed-methods approach with 320 students from Islamic boarding schools (pesantren) in East Java, Indonesia, the research investigates how structured religious instruction shapes prosocial attitudes, interpersonal conduct, and community engagement. Quantitative data were collected through validated questionnaires employing Likert scales, while qualitative insights were gathered through in-depth interviews and classroom observations. Results demonstrate a statistically significant positive correlation (r = 0.712, p < 0.001) between the quality and intensity of Fiqih learning and the level of prosocial behavior among students. Structural equation modeling reveals that pedagogical approach, teacher credibility, and curriculum relevance mediate this relationship. The findings suggest that integrating sociological frameworks into religious education practice can enhance moral formation outcomes, contributing to the broader discourse on values-based education in pluralistic societies. Keywords: Fiqih learning; social behavior; sociology of education; Islamic education; prosocial behavior; moral formation
Copyright (c) 2026 Muchamad Arifin, Oman Sukmana, Gonda Yumitro, Nurudin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Karl Marx's Conflict Theory on Class Antagonism and Alienation in the Contemporary Capitalist Production System
Background: Debates about the continued relevance of Marxist theory for twenty-first century capitalism have intensified amid deepening economic inequality, the proliferation of precarious and platform-mediated labor, the ecological emergency, and the fragmentation of collective class identity under digital capitalism. Objective: This study critically examines Marx's conflict theory of class antagonism and alienation by analyzing how these classical concepts are transformed and intensified in contemporary capitalist production, with particular attention to platform economies, financialization, and the Global South. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, covering peer-reviewed publications from 2019 to 2025 addressing Marxist political economy, class theory, alienation, labor sociology, and digital capitalism. Results: Class antagonism and alienation in contemporary capitalism have undergone structural transformation without losing their essential character: exploitation persists across new labor forms, geographies, and value chains; alienation deepens as digital capitalism colonizes domains previously outside the commodity form. The structural contradictions of capitalism—between labor and capital, production and ecology, global accumulation and local social reproduction—have intensified. Conclusion: Marx's theoretical legacy remains indispensable for sociological analysis of contemporary capitalism, but requires systematic updating through feminist political economy, eco-Marxism, digital labor theory, and postcolonial critique to capture the full complexity of twenty-first century class relations. Keywords: Marx, class antagonism, alienation, contemporary capitalism, platform economy, precariat, digital labor, eco-Marxism, Global South
Copyright (c) 2026 Armando dos Santos Lopes, Oman Sukmana, Gonda Yumitro, Nurudin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pierre Bourdieu's Concepts of Habitus and Cultural Capital: Mechanisms of Intergenerational Social Inequality Reproduction
Background: Social inequality is not merely reproduced through the direct transmission of economic resources across generations; it is also perpetuated through subtle mechanisms of cultural transmission that operate through the socialization of dispositions, tastes, and competencies valued in dominant social fields. Pierre Bourdieu's theoretical framework—centering on the concepts of habitus, field, and capital—provides the most influential sociological account of these mechanisms. Objective: This study analyzes Bourdieu's concepts of habitus and cultural capital as mechanisms of intergenerational social inequality reproduction, examining their theoretical foundations, empirical applications, and contemporary relevance. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, covering peer-reviewed publications from 2019 to 2025 on Bourdieu's sociology, cultural reproduction, educational inequality, social stratification, and class analysis. Results: The findings confirm that habitus and cultural capital operate as powerful mechanisms of inequality reproduction in educational systems, labor markets, and cultural fields, with effects that are resistant to formal policies of equality of opportunity precisely because they operate below the threshold of conscious recognition. Conclusion: Bourdieu's framework remains indispensable for understanding the persistence of social inequality across generations, but requires critical extension to account for intersecting axes of race, gender, and digital capital, and for the agency of dominated classes in challenging cultural reproduction. Keywords: Bourdieu, habitus, cultural capital, social reproduction, intergenerational inequality, field theory, educational inequality
Copyright (c) 2026 Eko Budi Siswandoyo, Oman Sukmana, Gonda Yumitro, Nurudin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Anatomy of Social Conflict and Efforts at Integration Reconstruction in Multicultural Indonesian Society After the Reform Era
Background: The collapse of the New Order regime in 1998 unleashed a wave of social conflicts across Indonesia—ethnic, religious, separatist, and resource-based—that tested the structural integrity of one of the world's most diverse nations. More than two decades after Reformasi, the anatomy of these conflicts and the effectiveness of integration reconstruction efforts remain critically important subjects for sociological inquiry. Objective: This study analyzes the structural anatomy of social conflicts in post-Reform Indonesia and evaluates efforts at social integration reconstruction in the context of multicultural society. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, covering publications from 2019 to 2025 on Indonesian social conflict, multiculturalism, post-conflict reconstruction, and social integration. Results: Findings reveal that post-Reform social conflicts are rooted in overlapping structural factors including democratic transition instability, decentralization tensions, economic inequality, identity politicization, and unresolved historical grievances. Integration reconstruction has achieved partial success through peace agreements, interfaith dialogue, and autonomy frameworks, but remains incomplete due to elite capture, inequality persistence, and weak civic institutions. Conclusion: Sustainable social integration in multicultural Indonesia requires structural approaches that address root causes of conflict, strengthen civil society, and build institutional trust, rather than relying exclusively on ceremonial multiculturalism or elite pact-making.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alibere Martins, Oman Sukmana, Gonda Yumitro, Nurudin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Sociology of Law Approach to Examining the Relationship Between Social Norms, Justice, and the Effectiveness of the Judicial System
Background: The relationship between law, social norms, justice, and judicial effectiveness is one of the central preoccupations of sociology of law, a field that examines legal systems not as autonomous normative orders but as socially embedded institutions shaped by and reciprocally shaping social structures, cultural values, and power relations. Objective: This study analyzes the relationships between social norms, justice, and judicial system effectiveness through a sociology of law framework, drawing on diverse theoretical traditions within the field. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, covering peer-reviewed publications from 2019 to 2025 on sociology of law, legal pluralism, judicial effectiveness, access to justice, and social norms. Results: The findings reveal that legal systems achieve effectiveness not through formal conformity to procedural rules alone but through their alignment with prevailing social norms, their capacity to deliver socially recognized justice, and their accessibility to all social strata. Legal pluralism, public legal consciousness, and the sociology of access to justice are identified as key analytical frameworks. Conclusion: A sociology of law approach offers essential insights for judicial reform by foregrounding the social embeddedness of law and demonstrating that judicial effectiveness requires cultural legitimacy, normative resonance with community values, and structural equity of access. Keywords: sociology of law, social norms, justice, judicial effectiveness, legal pluralism, access to justice, legal consciousness
Copyright (c) 2026 Atikah Ulayya, Oman Sukmana, Gonda Yumitro, Nurudin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relevance of Émile Durkheim's Mechanical and Organic Solidarity in Understanding Social Cohesion in Industrial Society
Background: The intensification of industrial capitalism has transformed the structural basis of social cohesion, raising fundamental questions about how modern societies sustain solidarity under conditions of radical differentiation, individualism, and normative pluralism. Émile Durkheim's foundational distinction between mechanical and organic solidarity remains one of sociology's most enduring analytical frameworks for addressing these questions. Objective: This paper examines the continued relevance of Durkheim's solidarity typology for understanding social cohesion in contemporary industrial and post-industrial societies. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, covering peer-reviewed publications from 2019 to 2025 on Durkheimian sociology, social cohesion, anomie, and industrial society. Results: The findings demonstrate that Durkheim's framework retains significant explanatory power for analyzing contemporary social disintegration, anomie, the crisis of collective identity, and the fragility of civic solidarity in pluralist democracies. However, the framework requires critical extension to accommodate digital social bonds, multicultural solidarity, and neoliberal atomization. Conclusion: Durkheim's solidarity theory provides an indispensable starting point for sociological analysis of social cohesion, but must be critically updated to account for the structural transformations of late modernity, including digital connectivity, cultural hybridity, and global economic integration. Keywords: Durkheim, mechanical solidarity, organic solidarity, social cohesion, anomie, industrial society, division of labor
Copyright (c) 2026 Budi Nurhamidin, Oman Sukmana, Gonda Yumitro, Nurudin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Social Deviance Phenomena and the Effectiveness of Informal Social Control Mechanisms in Urban Marginal Communities
Background: Urban marginal communities represent concentrated sites of social deviance, shaped by poverty, exclusion, and the erosion of formal institutional authority. Informal social control mechanisms—including community norms, peer pressure, family supervision, and neighborhood surveillance—play a critical yet understudied role in regulating deviant behavior within these settings. Objective: This study aims to analyze the phenomena of social deviance in urban marginal communities and evaluate the effectiveness of informal social control mechanisms in moderating such behavior through a sociological lens. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using peer-reviewed sources published between 2019 and 2025, drawn from Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, using keywords including social deviance, informal social control, urban marginality, community norms, and labeling theory. Results: Findings indicate that social deviance in marginal urban communities is produced by a convergence of structural factors—including poverty, unemployment, housing insecurity, and social disorganization—and symbolic factors such as stigma, identity disruption, and weakened normative consensus. Informal social control mechanisms retain significant regulatory capacity, particularly when grounded in strong community cohesion, reciprocal social trust, and culturally resonant norms. However, their effectiveness is constrained by urbanization, social fragmentation, and the criminalization of poverty through formal control systems. Conclusion: Informal social control remains a vital complement to formal law enforcement in urban marginal settings, and its effectiveness is maximized when community-based institutions are supported rather than supplanted by state intervention. Keywords: social deviance, informal social control, urban marginality, labeling theory, social disorganization, community cohesion
Copyright (c) 2026 Amin Saleh, Oman Sukmana, Gonda Yumitro, Nurudin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Political Ecology Conflict and Indigenous Community Resistance Movements: The Dialectics of Natural Resource Exploitation, Environmental Justice, and Local Community Resistance in the Context of Extractive Capitalism
Background: The expansion of extractive capitalism across the Global South has intensified conflicts over natural resources, disproportionately affecting indigenous and local communities whose livelihoods, cultures, and territorial rights are embedded in the ecosystems being exploited. Objective: This study analyzes the dialectical relationship between extractive capitalism, ecological conflict, and indigenous community resistance through the theoretical lens of political ecology and environmental justice. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using peer-reviewed articles, reports, and theoretical texts published between 2019 and 2025, sourced from Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Search terms included political ecology, extractive capitalism, indigenous resistance, environmental justice, green grabbing, and resource conflict. Results: The review reveals that extractive capitalism operates through dispossession mechanisms—including land grabbing, green grabbing, and territorial enclosure—that systematically marginalize indigenous communities. Resistance takes multiple forms, including legal advocacy, territorial defense, international networking, and the reassertion of traditional ecological governance. Environmental justice frameworks provide the normative basis for these struggles. Conclusion: Political ecology offers a robust analytical framework for understanding resource conflicts as expressions of broader structural inequalities, and indigenous resistance movements are best understood as dialectical responses to capitalist accumulation by dispossession. Strengthening indigenous rights frameworks and environmental justice institutions is essential to sustainable and equitable resource governance. Keywords: political ecology, extractive capitalism, indigenous resistance, environmental justice, accumulation by dispossession, social ecology, resource conflict
Copyright (c) 2026 Fahmi Rahmat Kangiden, Oman Sukmana, Gonda Yumitro, Nurudin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Social Construction of Disease and Stigma in Society: Analysis of Social Determinants of Health, Medical Service Accessibility, and Discrimination Against Chronic Disease Patients Through a Medical Sociology Perspective
Background: Chronic diseases remain a major global health burden, yet their social dimensions—particularly stigma, discrimination, and unequal access to medical services—are often underexplored in mainstream health discourse. The social construction of illness shapes how patients are perceived and treated within communities and healthcare institutions alike. Objective: This study aims to analyze the social determinants of health, accessibility of medical services, and forms of discrimination experienced by chronic disease patients through a medical sociology perspective. Methods: A systematic literature review approach was adopted, drawing on peer-reviewed journal articles, policy reports, and sociological analyses published between 2019 and 2025. Sources were identified through databases including Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed using keywords such as social stigma, chronic disease, medical sociology, social determinants, and healthcare discrimination. Results: Findings reveal that stigma construction is mediated by socioeconomic status, education, race, and geographic location. Chronic disease patients—particularly those with HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, mental illness, and diabetes—face compounded stigma that impedes their willingness to seek care. Structural barriers further limit healthcare accessibility, disproportionately affecting marginalized groups. Conclusion: Medical sociology provides a critical lens for understanding how social forces construct illness identities and perpetuate discrimination. Intersectional and structural approaches are essential to address stigma and promote equitable healthcare access for chronic disease patients. Keywords: chronic disease, social determinants of health, medical sociology, stigma, healthcare discrimination, social construction of illness
Copyright (c) 2026 Radinal Muhdar, Oman Sukmana, Gonda Yumitro, Nurudin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sociology Of Education: Mechanisms Of Cultural Reproduction And The Role Of Schools In Perpetuating Social Stratification
Education is often viewed as an engine of social mobility and democratization of opportunity, yet critical theories in sociology of education reveal that educational institutions actually function to reproduce and legitimize existing social stratification. This article analyzes the mechanisms of cultural reproduction operating within educational systems, focusing on the theoretical contributions of Pierre Bourdieu, Basil Bernstein, and Paul Willis to understanding how schools perpetuate social inequality. Through a qualitative approach employing systematic literature review of classical works and recent empirical research (2018-2025), this study explores three critical dimensions: (1) the role of cultural capital, habitus, and symbolic violence in reproducing class structures; (2) mechanisms of pedagogic discourse and linguistic codes that perpetuate middle-class dominance; and (3) working-class resistance and formation of counter-school identities as responses to educational marginalization. Findings indicate that hidden curriculum, tracking practices, evaluation systems, and teacher expectations systematically advantage students from middle-upper classes who possess cultural capital aligned with school dispositions. Working-class students face dissonance between family habitus and scholastic habitus, encounter difficulties accessing the elaborated code privileged by schools, and often develop anti-school cultures as resistance strategies that paradoxically reinforce their class destinations. This article identifies five reproduction mechanisms: differential selection based on cultural capital, legitimization of success through meritocratic ideology, transmission of tacit knowledge through hidden curriculum, institutionalization of symbolic domination through standardization, and counterproductive resistance. The theoretical implications enrich critical sociology of education by integrating structuralist, culturalist, and ethnographic perspectives, while practical implications point to the urgency of epistemic democratization and critical pedagogy recognizing multiple forms of knowledge to interrupt cycles of social reproduction. Keywords: Sociology of Education, Cultural Reproduction, Social Stratification, Cultural Capital, Habitus, Hidden Curriculum, Pierre Bourdieu, Basil Bernstein, Paul Willis
Copyright (c) 2026 Yunanto Andang Trihantoro, Oman Sukmana, Gonda Yumitro, Nurudin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Max Weber's Social Action And Rationality: An Analysis Of Bureaucracy And Rationalization Processes In Modern Organizations
Max Weber's theory of social action and rationality remains a fundamental framework for understanding the dynamics of modern organizations and bureaucratic processes. This article analyzes the relevance of Weber's concepts of social action, instrumental rationality, and rational bureaucracy in the context of contemporary organizations. Through a qualitative approach employing systematic literature review of Weber's classical works and recent empirical studies (2018-2025), this research explores how rationalization processes shape the structure and practices of modern organizations. Findings indicate that Weber's ideal-typical bureaucracy—characterized by formal hierarchy, functional specialization, impersonal rules, and technical competence—remains highly relevant yet faces significant challenges in the era of digitalization and organizational transformation. The rationalization paradox emerges when efforts to enhance efficiency create structural rigidity, worker alienation, and an iron cage of rationality that constrains creativity and innovation. This article identifies three critical dimensions: (1) the transformation of value-rational action (wertrational) into instrumental-rational action (zweckrational) in modern organizations; (2) the impact of rational bureaucracy on dehumanization and loss of work meaning; and (3) tensions between technical efficiency and humanistic values. The theoretical implications of this research enrich the understanding of organizational sociology by integrating classical Weberian perspectives with contemporary organizational realities, while practical implications suggest the need for rehumanization of bureaucracy through balancing instrumental and substantive rationality in 21st-century organizational design. Keywords: Max Weber, Social Action, Rationality, Bureaucracy, Rationalization, Modern Organizations, Iron Cage
Max Weber, Social Action, Rationality, Bureaucracy, Rationalization, Modern Organizations, Iron Cage
Copyright (c) 2026 Moh. Syahrudin Mokoagow, Oman Sukmana, Gonda Yumitro, Nurudin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Dialectics of Globalization and Local Identity Resistance: Cultural Negotiation in Contemporary Indonesian Society
This article examines the dialectical relationship between globalization forces and local identity resistance in contemporary Indonesian society, focusing on cultural negotiation processes. Globalization, understood as intensification of worldwide social relations linking distant localities, creates tensions with local cultural identities rooted in specific territorial communities. Indonesia's cultural diversity, with over 300 ethnic groups and 700 languages, provides particularly rich context for examining how local communities negotiate between global cultural flows and traditional identity markers. Drawing on recent ethnographic research and cultural studies, this analysis explores how Indonesian communities employ diverse strategies including syncretism, selective appropriation, strategic essentialism, and creative hybridization to maintain cultural distinctiveness while engaging global modernity. The findings reveal that rather than simple homogenization or polarization, Indonesian cultural dynamics exhibit complex negotiations wherein local actors actively shape globalization processes to serve community purposes. Case studies from West Java, Bali, and Papua demonstrate varying patterns of cultural negotiation reflecting different historical trajectories, economic positions, and political contexts. This article contributes to globalization studies by demonstrating that local communities are not passive recipients of global forces but active agents constructing hybrid cultural formations through strategic negotiation. Keywords: Globalization, local identity, cultural resistance, cultural negotiation, Indonesia, hybridization, glocalization, cultural diversity
Copyright (c) 2026 Suyadi, Oman Sukmana, Gonda Yumitro, Nurudin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0